{"DOI":"10.1175/jcli-d-20-0094.1","abstract":"Abstract\n Recent international efforts at communicating climate change have begun using the notion of a climate indicator \u2013 a climate-related metric that can be used to track changes in the Earth system over time. Based upon a recently developed global-scale classification of daily air masses, this research examines the trends and variability in the frequencies of these air masses and then utilizes them to develop two nontraditional climate indicators: a Warm/Cool Index (WCI) and a Global Extremes Index (GEI). Results show that both indices trend significantly upwards over the 40-year period of record, indicating an increase in warm-based air masses (WCI) and extreme air masses (GEI). The two indices also exhibit a moderate (GEI) to strong (WCI) association with the global mean temperature record, multiple near-surface climate variables, and other existing climate indicators over that same time, showing promise as global indicators. Shorter-term variability in these indices also show a linear relationship between the WCI and changes in the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and a nonlinear relationship between GEI and the El Nino Southern Oscillation. While many published climate indicators are based upon a single variable, and/or are regional in scope, the two indices presented herein are unique in that they are representative of the trends in the multivariate (and extreme, in the case of the GEI) weather conditions that are experienced near the Earth's surface, while also being global in scope.","author":[{"family":"Lee","given":"Cameron C."}],"id":"unknown","issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"language":"en","page-first":"1","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","title":"Trends and variability in air mass frequencies: indicators of a changing climate","type":"article-journal"}