Effects of acidic phosphorus-rich biochar from halophyte species on P availability and fractions in alkaline soils release_dvpfxoz7qnav3mrtja6pqwksty

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>Conditioning alkaline soil with acidic phosphorus-rich biochar might contribute to improving soil phosphorous (P) availability and waste utilization efficiency. In this study, acidic phosphorus-rich biochar was prepared using halophyte biochar (HBC) modified by H<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>PO<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> (P-HBC) and H<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>P<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>7</jats:sub> (PA-HBC). The P-containing groups and P fractions in the HBCs were characterized, and the effects of biochar on the P fractions in alkaline soil were examined with incubation experiments. The results showed that the pH of P-HBC (3.31) and PA-HBC (2.17) was significantly reduced compared with HBC, and the total P contents rose to 4.66 g·kg<jats:sup>− 1</jats:sup> and 5.24 g·kg<jats:sup>− 1</jats:sup>, respectively. The spectral characterization confirmed the loading of P-containing and acidic functional groups in the HBCs after modification. The application of P-HBC and PA-HBC in alkaline soils decreased the soil pH and facilitated the transformation of stable P into active fractions. Overall, acidic phosphorus-rich biochar can be employed to increase P activity in alkaline soil. <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract</jats:bold>
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