Chlorine nitrate in the atmosphere
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by
Thomas von Clarmann, Sören Johansson
2018 Volume 18, Issue 20, p15363-15386
Abstract
<strong>Abstract.</strong> This review article compiles the characteristics of the gas chlorine nitrate and discusses its role in atmospheric chemistry. Chlorine nitrate is a reservoir of both stratospheric chlorine and nitrogen. It is formed by a termolecular reaction of ClO and NO<sub>2</sub>. Sink processes include gas-phase chemistry, photo-dissociation, and heterogeneous chemistry on aerosols. The latter sink is particularly important in the context of polar spring stratospheric chlorine activation. ClONO<sub>2</sub> has vibrational–rotational bands in the infrared, notably at 779, 809, 1293, and 1735<span class="thinspace"></span>cm<sup>−1</sup>, which are used for remote sensing of ClONO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere. Mid-infrared emission and absorption spectroscopy have long been the only concepts for atmospheric ClONO<sub>2</sub> measurements. More recently, fluorescence and mass spectroscopic in situ techniques have been developed. Global ClONO<sub>2</sub> distributions have a maximum at polar winter latitudes at about 20–30<span class="thinspace"></span>km altitude, where mixing ratios can exceed 2<span class="thinspace"></span>ppbv. The annual cycle is most pronounced in the polar stratosphere, where ClONO<sub>2</sub> concentrations are an indicator of chlorine activation and de-activation.
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